More than biomechanics: how New Zealand manipulative physiotherapists and osteopaths conceptualise and manage upper back pain-a qualitative study.

A qualitative study examined how manipulative physiotherapists and osteopaths in New Zealand conceptualize and treat upper back pain, finding that clinicians draw on frameworks extending well beyond biomechanical explanations. Practitioners incorporated psychosocial, lifestyle, and patient-centered factors into their clinical reasoning and management strategies. The findings suggest that manual therapy professionals in this context adopt a broad, biopsychosocial approach to thoracic pain rather than relying solely on structural or mechanical models.

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